Table 2 Cases of irAE-CRS triggered by nivolumab administration
Author | Age | Sex | Cancer type | Prior infection and vaccination | Number of nivolumab cycles | Combined therapy | Time from last dose of ICIs to onset of irAE-CRS | IrAE-CRS Grade | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 Honjo et al. [4] | 52 | Female | Pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung cT4N2M0 Stgae IIIB | None | 4 | None | 14 days | 4 | 1. mPSL 1 g (3 days) 2. mPSL 1 mg/mg  → gradual decrease 3. MMF | Discharge |
Case 2 Kunimasa et al. [12] | 64 | Female | G-CSF-producing pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung cT2aN0M1b Stage IVB | None | Unknown details | Ipilimumab | Unknown details (67 days after the first dose) | 4 | 1. mPSL 1 g (1 day) mPSL 0.25 g (1 day) 2. Tocilizumab 3. Infliximab for irAE pneumonitis 4. MMF | Discharge |
Case 3 Xu et al. [13] | 3 | Female | EBV-HLH | None | 1 | L-DEP Ruxolitinib | 1 day | 5 | mPSL 15 mg/kg | Death |
Case 4 Yamamoto et al. [14] | 63 | Female | Left clear cell renal cell carcinoma Stage IV | Upper respiratory tract inflammation due to viral infection | 3 | Ipilimumab | 43 days (Prior infection 5 days before admission) | 3 | 1. mPSL 0.5 ~ 1.0 g (3 days) 2. mPSL 1 mg/kg  → gradual decrease | Discharge |
Case 5 Murata et al. [15] | 70 | Male | Lung adenocarcinoma pT3N0M0 Stage IIB | COVID-19 infection | 4 | Ipilimumab | 4 days | 5 | High-dose steroid | Death |
Case 6 Sumi et al. [17] | 55 | Male | Non-small cell lung cancer Stage IV | Vaccination (mRNA-1273) | Unknown details | Ipilimumab | 10 days (Onset of disease the day after vaccination) | 1 | mPSL 1 g (3 days) | Discharge |
Case 7 Tanaka et al. [20] | 55 | Male | Lung adenocarcinoma Stage IV | None | 5 | Ipilimumab | 20 days | 4 | 1. mPSL 1 g (3 days) 2. mPSL 1 ~ 2 mg/kg  → gradual decrease 3. IVCY 4. IVIG | Discharge |
Case 8 Ntwali et al. [21] | 65 | Male | Gastric cancer cT3N2M1 stage IV | None | 10 | 5-fluorouracil Oxaliplatin | During treatment cycle 10 | 3 | HCS 100 mg/day | Discharge |
Case 9 Shiraishi et al. [22] | ①70 ② 70 ③ 44 ④ 51 ⑤ 71 | ①Male ② Female ③ Female ④ Male ⑤ Female | ①Lung adenocarcinoma ② Lung adenocarcinoma ③ Squamous cell carcinoma Stage IVB ④ Lung adenocarcinoma ⑤ Non-small cell lung cancer Stage IV | ①COVID-19 infection ② None ③ None ④ None ⑤ None | ①6 ② Unknown details ③ 1 ④ 4 ⑤ 1 | ①Ipilimumab ② Ipilimumab ③ Ipilimumab ④ Ipilimumab ⑤ Ipilimumab | ①3 days ② Unknown details ③ 14 days ④ 35 days ⑤ 8 days | ①5 ② 5 ③ 2 or 3 ④ 3 ⑤ 5 | ①Supportive care ② mPSL 1.0 g (Duration unknown) ③ mPSL 1.0 g (3 days) PSL 1 mg/kg  → gradual decrease ④ mPSL 1.0 g (3 days) PSL 1 mg/kg  → gradual decrease ⑤ Supportive care | ①Death ② Death ③ Discharge ④ Discharge ⑤ Death |
Case 10 Mosalem et al. [23] | 26 | Male | Recurrent/refractory classical hodgkin lymphoma Stage IIB | None | 1 | Brentuximab Vedotin | 9 days | 5 | For irAE-CRA and HLH like syndrome 1. Dexamethasone 2. Tocilizumab 3. Etoposide 4. Plasma exchange for management of hypertriglyceridemia | Death |
Case 11 Tsutsui et al. [24] | 75 | Female | Non-small cell lung cancer Stage IIB | None | Unknown details | Ipilimumab | Unknown details (9 days after the first dose) | 2 | 1. mPSL 125 mg (3 days) 2. mPSL 1 g (3 days) 3. mPSL 1 mg/kg | Discharge |
Case 12 Menakuru et al. [25] | 58 | Female | Metastatic melanoma Stage IV | None | 4 | Ipilimumab | 6 days | 4 | 1. mPSL 1 mg/kg 2. Tocilizumab 3. Etanercept | Discharge |
Case 13 Deng et al. [26] | 44 | Female | Lung adenocarcinoma cT3N3M0 Stage IIIc | None | 5 | None | 17 days | 5 | 1. Dexamethasone 10 mg (7 days) 2. Gamma globulin 20 g (3 days) | Death |
Case 14 Ciner et al. [27] | 72 | Male | Hepatic-limited metastatic colorectal cancer | None | 4 | 5-fluorouracil Levofolinate Oxaliplatin CV301 | 42 days | 4 | HCS | Discharge |
Case 15 Ohira et al. [28] | 70 | Male | Renal cell carcinoma with multiple metastases pT4N1M1 Stage IV | None | 2 | Ipilimumab | Approximately 10 days | 4 | 1. mPSL 0.5 g (3 days) 2. mPSL 1 mg/mg  → gradual decrease 3. MMF 4. Plasma exchange 5. IVIG | Discharge |
Case 16 Sindel et al. [29] | 28 | Female | Recurrent/refractory classical hodgkin's lymphoma Stage IV | None | 1 (Administered prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation) | None | 33 days (7 days after transplantation) | 4 | 1. mPSL 1 mg/kg (twice a day) 2. Intravenous ascorbic acid | Discharge |
Case 17 Oda et al. [30] | 43 | Male | Gastric adenocarcinoma with multiple metastases | None | 1 | None | 8 days | 5 | 1. mPSL 1 mg/mg 2. mPSL 1 g (3 days) 3. MMF | Death |
Case 18 Zhao et al. [31] | 25 | Male | Recurrent/refractory classical hodgkin's lymphoma | None | 1 | None | 6 days | 2 | Supportive care | Discharge |
Case 19 Rotz et al. [32] | 29 | Female | Alveolar soft part sarcoma with multiple metastases | None | 2 | Pazopanib | 4 days | 2 | 1. HCS 2. mPSL → gradual decrease 3. Tocilizumab | Discharge |
Case 20 Foran et al. [33] | 7 | Male | Recurrent/refractory classical hodgkin's lymphoma Stage IIIB | None | 1 | None | 4 h | 3 | High-dose steroid | Discharge |