Table 1 Sociodemographic, injury-related profile, and hospital course between patients with elevated and normal initial serum lactate levels (iSL) at the Puerto Rico Trauma Hospital (July 2014 – June 2019) (N = 536)

Sociodemographic

Gender

 Male

241 (82.8)

182 (74.3)

0.02 *

Age

 Mean (SD)

43.9 (18.9)

45.5 (19.7)

0.32

 Median (p25, p75)

39.5 (27, 59)

45 (28, 59)

Categories

0.32

 65+

49 (16.8)

46 (18.8)

 40–64

96 (33.0)

92 (37.6)

 18–39

146 (50.2)

107 (43.6)

Health Insurance Status

0.73

 Private

176 (60.5)

156 (63.7)

 Public

101 (34.7)

79 (32.2)

 Uninsured

14 (4.8)

10 (4.1)

Injured-related Profile

Mechanism of injury

< 0.01 *

 MVC

113 (38.8)

105 (42.9)

 GSW

77 (26.5)

32 (13.0)

 SW

13 (4.5)

14 (5.7)

 Falls

33 (11.3)

35 (14.3)

 Pedestrians

44 (15.1)

34 (13.9)

 Others

11 (3.8)

25 (10.2)

Types of Injury

< 0.01 *

 Blunt Trauma

200 (68.7)

197 (80.4)

 Penetrating Trauma

91 (31.3)

48 (19.6)

Injury Severity Score

 Mean (SD)

18.8 (9.5)

15.0 (9.4)

 Median (p25, p75)

17 (13, 24)

13 (9, 20)

< 0.01 *

Categories

< 0.01 *

 25–75

65 (22.3)

36 (14.7)

 15–24

124 (42.6)

72 (29.4)

 1–14

102 (35.1)

137 (55.9)

Injured Body Region

 Head & Neck

97 (33.3)

65 (26.5)

0.09

 Chest

180 (61.9)

144 (58.8)

0.47

 Abdomen

188 (64.6)

123 (50.2)

< 0.01 *

 Extremity

163 (56.0)

120 (49.0)

0.10

 External

126 (43.3)

80 (32.7)

0.01 *

Glasgow Coma Scale

(n = 289) ^±

< 0.01 *

 3–8

74 (25.6)

32 (13.1)

 9–12

21 (7.3)

16 (6.5)

 13–15

194 (67.1)

197 (80.4)

SBP (mmHg)

 Mean (SD)

122.0 (27.8)

128.0 (24.4)

 Median (p25, p75)

120 (104, 138)

129 (112, 142)

< 0.01 *

 <90 mmHg

32 (11.0)

16 (6.5)

0.07

Respiratory Rate (breaths/min)

(n = 280) ^±

(n = 237) ^±

 Mean (SD)

22.8 (7.6)

20.4 (5.6)

 Median (p25, p75)

21 (18, 28)

19 (17, 22)

< 0.01 *

 >20 breaths/min

150 (53.6)

86 (36.3)

< 0.01 *

Heart Rate (beats/min)

 Mean (SD)

103.9 (26.0)

95.1 (24.0)

< 0.01 *

 Median (p25, p75)

104 (85, 121)

93 (78, 108)

 >100 beats/min

157 (54.0)

92 (37.6)

< 0.01 *

Creatinine (mg/dL)

(n = 290) ^±

 Mean (SD)

1.2 (0.5)

1.0 (0.4)

 Median (p25, p75)

1.0 (0.9, 1.3)

0.9 (0.7, 1.1)

< 0.01 *

 >1.2 mg/dL

98 (33.8)

49 (20.0)

< 0.01 *

Albumin (g/dL)

(n = 242) ^±

 Mean (SD)

3.4 (0.8)

3.6 (0.6)

 Median (p25, p75)

3.5 (2.9, 4)

3.7 (3.3, 4)

< 0.01 *

 <3.4 g/dL

123 (42.3)

74 (30.6)

< 0.01 *

Hospital Course

TICU Admission

 Yes

189 (65.0)

116 (47.4)

< 0.01 *

TICU LOS (days)

 Mean (SD)

23.0 (20.4)

20.3 (25.9)

 Median (p25, p75)

17 (8, 31)

11.5 (5.5, 23)

< 0.01 *

Need of MV

 Yes

195 (67.0)

103 (42.0)

< 0.01 *

MV LOS (days)

 Mean (SD)

20.4 (19.7)

19.4 (23.6)

 Median (p25, p75)

15 (7, 27)

13 (6, 22)

0.12

Hospital LOS (days)

 Mean (SD)

29.2 (29.0)

20.9 (27.6)

 Median (p25, p75)

19 (9, 40)

11 (5, 26)

< 0.01 *

In-hospital Mortality

 Dead

66 (22.7)

29 (11.8)

< 0.01 *